Psychobiotics: a new way in psychopharmacology, or How do bacteria manage our brain?

Psychobiotics are a special class of probiotics that have beneficial effect on human mental health. During the last decade, convincing evidence has emerged gut microbiome influences health, cognitive abilities (learning and memory), behavioral processes through neurological, metabolic, hormonal, immunological signaling pathways. This review provides available information mechanisms regulation neuroimmune axes by microbiota, describes schemes interaction microbiota with intestinal nervous system brain-gut axis, behavior, functions emotions, discusses base current views use psychobiotics as safe effective therapeutic alternative to classic psychotropic drugs in depressive anxiety disorders, stress, autism spectrum Alzheimer’s disease other conditions.